Xinyang Hun

Classification and Origin

Category: Amatiye abomvu aseChina anamuhla abhalwe ababhali; “igagasi elisha” lama-hongcha ezifunda; ibekwe njenge “Benchmark yesizukulwane esisha samatiye abomvu aseChina ahloniphekile” (中国新贵红茶典范).

Coordinates: ≈ 31°23'–32°24' N, 113°45'–115°55' E — isifunda esikhulu kakhulu sasetiye esisenyakatho eChina, esisemngceleni wezindawo zase-Huainan (淮南) nase-Jiangnan.

Origin: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Henan (河南, Hénán), umkhandlu wedolobha i-Xinyang (信阳市, Xìnyáng shì). Indawo yokukhiqiza ihlanganisa izigodi ezingu-128 ezitshala itiye ezifundeni neziphaluka eziyisishiyagalombili: i-Shihe (浉河区), iPingqiao (平桥区), iLuoshan (罗山县), iGuangshan (光山县), iXinxian (新县), iShangcheng (商城县), iGushi (固始县), iHuangchuan (潢川县). Izintaba ezibalulekile yi-Cheyunshan (车云山), i-Jiyunshan (集云山), i-Lianyunshan (连云山), i-Tianyunshan (天云山), i-Wuyunshan (云雾山), kanye nezintaba zase-Dabieshan (大别山) namagatsha azo asenyakatho.

Type: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — eline-oxidized/fermented ngokuphelele. I-Gongfu hongcha (工夫红茶).

History and Culture

Cultural Significance: I-Xìnyáng hóng iyisibonelo esingajwayelekile sendlela isinyathelo sikahulumeni esihlanganiswe nobungcweti besayensi okwadala ngayo umkhiqizo omusha wetiye ezingeni likazwelonke eminyakeni embalwa nje. Itiye laguqula ipharadigmu yezinkulungwane ezimbili zeminyaka (“Xinyang = itiye eliluhlaza kuphela”), laxazulula inkinga engokoqobo yokusebenzisa izinto eziluhlaza zasehlobo nasekwindla, futhi lenyusa imali engenayo yamapulazi etiye ngokuphindwe kabili. I-Xìnyáng hóng ne-Xìnyáng Máojiān zibekwa “njengamawele” (孪生兄弟), angancintisani kodwa ancikelana.

History: I-Xinyang ingenye yezindawo zasendulo zetiye eChina ezinomlando ongapheli wokutshala itiye iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2 300. Ngesikhathi sokumba kwemivubukulo esifundeni sase-Gushi (固始县) ngo-1987, kutholakala izingcezu zamahlamvu etiye ethuneni langesikhathi saseMpumalanga yeZhou (东周), ezisukela ngekhulu lesi-3-4 BC. Ingcweti yetiye u-Lu Yu (陆羽) encwadini yakhe ethi “Chájīng” (《茶经》, 764) wafaka i-Xinyang esifundeni setiye sase-Huainan (淮南茶区) futhi wagqamisa ngokukhethekile: “Itiye lase-Guangzhou [manje iGuangshan] — elingcono kakhulu” (淮南茶光州上). Imbongi u-Su Dongpo (苏东坡) ngesikhathi saseNyakatho yeSong (北宋) wabhala: “Phakathi kwamatiye aseHuainan, elaseXinyang lingelokuqala” (淮南茶信阳第一).

Name Breakdown: 信阳 (Xìnyáng) — igama ledolobha, elisukela ngesikhathi se-Sui (隋, 589–618); 红 (hóng) — “bomvu”, okubonisa uhlobo lwetiye. Lula, akhumbulekayo futhi liphikisana negama “eliluhlaza” lomfowabo omdala — i-Máojiān.

Botany and Raw Material

Cultivar: Iqoqo lendawo elinamahlamvu amancane le-Camellia sinensis var. sinensis — isisekelo sofuzo esifanayo nesisetshenziselwa i-Xìnyáng Máojiān eluhlaza. Izihlahla zixubene, ubude obungu-0.5–1.5 m, zinamaqabunga amancane, aminyene, futhi zinamazinga aphezulu ama-amino acid (ngenxa yendawo esenyakatho nobusuku obupholile). Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zendawo: iqembu “Xinyang” (信阳群体种). Umsuka womlando usuka ezindaweni zetiye eziseNingizimu-ntshonalanga (Sichuan → Shaanxi → Henan), ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2 000.

Picking: Emaqenjini asezingeni eliphezulu — ukuvuna kwasentwasahlobo (Mashi–Ephreli); ekukhiqizweni okuningi — ehlobo (Meyi–Julayi) nasekwindla (Agasti–Okthobha). Okuyikhona okwenze kwaba yisikhuthazo esikhulu kwezomnotho ekwakhiweni kwe-Xìnyáng hóng ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo amahlamvu asehlobo nasekwindla, ngaphambilini ayengafunwa.

Raw Material: Ukusha, ubuqotho, ukungabi bikho kokulimala kwemishini. Ukunakwa okukhethekile ekulawuleni okuqukethwe yi-polyphenol: ezintweni zokuqala zasehlobo nasekwindla izinga lazo liphakeme kunelasentwasahlobo, okudinga ukulungiswa okunembile kwe-fermentation ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubaba okwedlulele.

Terroir

Altitude: 200–800 m ngenhla kogu lolwandle. Amasimu angcono kakhulu akwezindawo “IziNtaba Ezinamafu Ezinhlanu” (五云山) ekuphakameni okungu-500–800 m, lapho umehluko wokushisa kwasemini nasebusuku ufinyelela ku-10–15°C — isimo esihle somnotho wezinto ezinuka kamnandi nama-amino acid.

Climate: Esishintshayo — sisuka kwesishisayo siye kwesipholile; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ≈ 15.1°C (ububanzi 14.5–15.5°C ngonyaka); izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngenkathi yokukhula (Ephreli–Novemba) ≈ 20.7°C; isamba semvula yonyaka ≈ 1 100–1 400 mm; isamba esisebenzayo sokushisa okusebenzayo ≈ 4 864°C. Inkungu evamile namafu emithambekeni yezintaba kunikeza ukukhanya okuhlakazekile.

Soil: Inhlabathi yasehlathini enombala ophuzi-nsundu, edonsa amanzi kahle, enezinto eziphilayo eziphezulu; i-acidity pH 4.5–6.0.

Amapulazi amancane abalimi kanye nama-cooperatives; imikhuba ephilayo neyemvelo iba yindinganiso kumapulazi aqonde ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Amasimu amaningana asemithambekeni yezintaba ewumango, afinyeleleka ngokuvuna ngesandla kuphela. Ingqikithi yendawo yezingadi zetiye zase-Xinyang idlula amahektha angu-14 000, okuyenza ibe yisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke setiye esifundazweni sase-Henan. Isici esivelele sezingadi zetiye zase-Xinyang ukuthi zisemifudlaneni yezintaba (山坞) phakathi kwamasimu ama-chestnut namaqhubu; ukufiphaza kwemvelo kunciphisa “ubulukhuni” be-photosynthetic yeqabunga futhi kwandise okuqukethwe yi-theanine.

Production

Ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuqala ngokwezinga lebanga; emabangeni aphezulu — ukuvuna ngesandla kuphela.

Iqabunga linwetshwa ngongqimba omncane kumafreyimu okubuna noma kuma-tray; izinga lokushisa elilawulwayo nokuhamba komoya. Isikhathi — amahora angu-8–14. Inhloso ukwehlisa umswakama ube ngu-58–62%, ukunika iqabunga ukunwebeka.

Ukusonga ngomshini ngokomgomo “wengcindezi elula-esindayo-elula”. Izinto zokuqala ezinamahlamvu amancane zase-Xinyang zisongwa zibe “izinaliti” ezincane, ezihle (ngokungafani neziphiral ezinkulu zamatiye amakhulu). Isikhathi — ihora elingu-1–1.5.

Ukuqeda izigaxa ngemva kokusonga ukuze kuvuthwe ngokulinganayo.

Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu, esihlukanisa i-Xìnyáng hóng kwamanye ama-hongcha. Kugxilwe kakhulu ekulawuleni okunembile imingcele emine: izinga lokushisa lomoya, umswakama, izinga lokushisa lobuso beqabunga, nesikhathi. Ukuvutshelwa kuyeka lapho iqabunga lithatha umbala obomvu oyithusi, iphunga “lotshani” obuluhlaza linyamalala ngokuphelele, kuvele iphunga elihlanzekile lezimbali nezithelo. Lokhu kunikeza iphrofayela ehlukile, ehlukile “kwe-honey” yase-Qimen, “intuthu” ye-Xiaozhong, noma “i-malt” ye-Dianhong. Isikhathi — amahora angu-4–8.

Okunezigaba ezimbili: ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokomiswa kokugcina okumnene. Umswakama osele ≤ 6%.

Ukuhlunga, ukuhlukanisa umoya, ukuhlanganisa, “ukukhuphula iphunga” lokugcina (提香, tíxiāng) — ukufudumeza okuncane ukuze kuqiniswe iphunga ngaphambi kokufakwa emaphaketheni.

Organoleptic Profile

Dry Leaf Appearance: “Izinaliti” ezincane, eziqinile (条索紧细), ezifana ngobuhle ne-Máojiān eluhlaza; umbala — umnyama-nsundu oqhakazile onamafutha (乌棕色, wūzōng sè); izihloko ezigolide (金毫) zibonakala kahle, ikakhulukazi emabangeni aphezulu.

Dry Leaf Aroma: Limnandi, linamaphuzu acacile e-chestnut, uju nezimbali ezincane; “linqande” futhi “lisenyakatho” ngokwemvelo kunamatiye abomvu aseningizimu.

Liquor Aroma: Linezendlalelo eziningi; inothi eliyinhloko iyinhlanganisela evumelanayo yama-overtones “e-chestnut” (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng) “ne-osmanthus” (桂花香, guìhuā xiāng), okuchazwa ngabazi ngokuthi “isigqi sase-Xinyang” (信阳韵, Xìnyáng yùn). Ngemuva kwakho kunamaphuzu esinkwa esibhekiweyo, i-caramel nezithelo ezivuthiwe.

Liquor Color: Ubomvu-amber, osobala futhi okhanyayo; odongeni lwenkomishi — “indandatho yegolide” ecacile (金圈).

Spent Leaves: Lithambile, lilinganayo, libomvu ngokugqamile (嫩匀红亮); emabangeni aphezulu — imiqumbe namaqabunga aphelele, anobuhle.

Taste: Kuminyene, kuyindilinga, kunoshukela wemvelo ogqamile nobumuncu “obuhlanzekile” — hhayi obubi — (醇厚甘爽). Umzimba wokufakwa “unosiliki”, unamafutha athambile. I-aftertaste — inde, inoshukela obuyayo ne-echo ye-chestnut.

Chemical Composition

Alkaloids: I-caffeine ~2.5–3.5% wesisindo esomile; i-theobromine, i-theophylline.

Amino Acids: Izinto zokuqala ezincane ezisenyakatho zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-L-theanine nama-amino acid akhululekile asewonke (3.0–4.5% wesisindo esomile seqabunga lasentwasahlobo) — okungaphezulu kakhulu kunamatiye amakhulu aseningizimu. Yilokhu okuqinisekisa ubumnandi “obushelelayo” obuyisici.

I-Linalool nama-oxides ayo, i-geraniol, i-β-ionone, i-furfural (amanothi e-chestnut), i-cis-jasmone; imikhiqizo yokusabela kwe-Maillard ngesikhathi sokufudumeza kokugcina. Iphalethi eyingqayizivele “ye-chestnut ne-osmanthus” — yikhadi lokuvakasha le-terroir yase-Xinyang.

Minerals: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-fluoride, i-selenium.

Polyphenols: Emaqabungeni amasha asehlobo nasekwindla — amazinga aphezulu (afinyelela ku-25–30% wesisindo esomile); ngesikhathi se-oxidation ephelele, ama-catechin aguqulwa abe yi-theaflavin ne-thearubigin. Ukulungiswa okunembile kwe-fermentation kubaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni ama-catechin “ababayo” abe yimikhiqizo “emnandi” ye-oxidation.

Vitamins: B₁, B₂, P (rutin); amanani alandelwayo ka-C (acekelwa phansi ngokwengxenye nge-oxidation).

Health Notes

Ukusebenzisana kwe-caffeine ne-L-theanine kunikeza ukuqina okuzinzile, ukuthuthukisa ukugxilisa nokusebenza kwengqondo ngaphandle “kokugxuma kwekhofi”.

I-Theaflavin ne-thearubigin “yizicupho” ezisebenzayo zama-radical akhululekile, ezinomthelela ekubambezelekeni kokuguga kwamaseli.

Itiye elibomvu, ngokungafani neliluhlaza, “lifudumele” ngokohlelo lwemithi yaseChina; lilungele abantu abanesisu esizwelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa ngemva kokudla.

Ukusetshenziswa okulingene okuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nokugcina ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi nokwehlisa amazinga e-LDL-cholesterol.

Ama-polyphenol kanye nemikhiqizo yawo anomsebenzi ocacile wokulwa namagciwane.

Kusiza ekukhipheni uketshezi oludlulele kanye nemikhiqizo ye-metabolism.

Ama-fluoride nama-polyphenol asiza ekuvimbeleni ukubola kwamazinyo.

Ama-polyphenol metabolites etiye elibomvu (ama-theaflavin) anomphumela omncane wokunciphisa ukuvuvukala, owusizo ezinqubweni ezingamahlalakhona zokuvuvukala.

Ucwaningo oluningana luhlobanisa ukusetshenziswa okulingene kwetiye elibomvu nokuthuthuka kokuzwela kwezicubu ku-insulin.

Brewing

Tea Amount: 4–5 g nge-100–120 ml (indlela ye-gongfu); 3 g nge-200 ml (indlela yaseNtshonalanga).

Teaware: I-gaiwan yobumba emhlophe (白瓷盖碗) — iyona ekahle ukuhlola iphunga nombala; i-teapot engilazi ekhanyayo — ukuze ujabulele ukubukeka; i-teapot yobumba — ukuphisa kwansuku zonke.

Water Temperature: 88–92°C. Ebangeni elithi “Zhēnpǐn” (imiqumbe emsulwa) — 85–88°C; emabangeni avuthiwe kakhulu — kuze kufike ku-95°C.

Comparison

Itiye elibomvu elinamahlamvu amancane lase-Anhui elinephunga “le-orchid” (祁门香) nephrofayela “ye-honey neshukela” (蜜糖香). I-Xìnyáng hóng isondelene ngezinto zokuqala (uhlobo lwamahlamvu amancane), kodwa yehluka ngenothi “le-chestnut” eliqavile “nokubukhali” okusha, okuvela ku-terroir yase-Dabieshan. Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Xìnyáng hóng kulungiswe ngendlela “enqandekile”, okugcina ingxenye yobusha “obuluhlaza”.

Itiye elibomvu laseWuyishan; izinguqulo zendabuko — zinephunga lentuthu yephayini, ezesimanje — zinobumnandi bezithelo (Jin Jun Mei). I-Xìnyáng hóng ayinayo intuthu futhi yakhelwe phezu kwephalethi ye-chestnut nezimbali.

Itiye elibomvu elinamahlamvu amancane lase-Hangzhou; isitayela esintekenteke, “esilula”. I-Xìnyáng hóng inamandla kakhulu futhi “ifudumele” ngenxa yobumuncu obugqamile nobunjalo be-chestnut.

Elinye itiye elibomvu “elincane” elivela ku-terroir eluhlaza (Suzhou); ligxile kuphalethi yezithelo nezimbali “yetithelo netiye”. I-Xìnyáng hóng yehluka ngokuqina “kwaseNyakatho” “nesigqi” se-chestnut, kanti i-Bìluó Hóng Chá — “iyaseNingizimu” futhi inezithelo kakhudlwana.