Xiázhōu Bìfēng

Classification and Origin

Category: Itiye lesifunda laseShayina; umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sikazwelonke sokubonisa indawo (2017).

Coordinates: Cishe 30°42′–31°06′ N, 110°51′–111°11′ E.

Origin: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha lase-Yichang (宜昌, Yíchāng), isifunda sase-Yiling (夷陵区, Yílíng Qū). Igama lasendulo lendawo yi-Xiazhou (峡州, Xiázhōu).

Type: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingavutshelwe). Uhlobo olungaphekiwe kahle oluhlanganisa ukosa okuncane nokomiswa okuncane (半烘炒, bàn hōngchǎo) — inhlanganisela yokosa esigubhini (杀青, shāqīng) kanye nokomiswa kokugcina ngamalahle (木炭烘焙, mùtàn hōngbèi).

History and Culture

Cultural Significance: I-Xiazhou Bifeng iyindlalifa yesimanje yesiko lasendulo kakhulu letiye, elibhalwe ngokusemthethweni "eNcwadini Engcwele Yetiye". Leli lelinye lamatiye ambalwa umlando walo ongalandelelwa ngokuqondile esithombeni sika-Lu Yu, okulunikeza isisindo esikhethekile ezinganekwaneni zesiko laseShayina letiye. Imbongi yaseTang u-Pi Rixiu (皮日休, Pí Rìxiū) wayincoma itiye elivela engadini yase-Xiaojiangyuan: "Noma indela yase-Wu ekhuluma ngentaba yase-Yashan ngeke ikhulume kangcono, noma ixhegu lase-Shu ngeke liziqhayise ngetiye lase-Wuzui" — lo mbhalo wezinkondlo wekhulu lesi-9 ufakazela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi itiye lendawo lalidlula izinhlobo ezidumile ezivela e-Jiangxi nase-Sichuan. Esifundeni sase-Yiling, itiye liyikhadi lokuhlonza lomkhiqizo wendawo futhi liyingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko eziHwanqeleni ze-Yangtze.

History: Isiko laletiye lase-Xiazhou lingelinye lamadala kakhulu eShayina. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseNingizimu naseNyakatho (420–589), i-Xiazhou yayisiyindawo ebalulekile yokukhiqiza itiye. Isikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni wendawo isilinganiso esanikezwa encwadini ethi "Incwadi Engcwele Yetiye" (《茶经》, Chájīng, cishe ngo-780), lapho u-Lu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) abhala khona: "E-Shannan i-Xiazhou ingeyona enhle, i-Xiangzhou ne-Jingzhou zilandela" (山南，以峡州上). Ngaleyo ndlela, itiye lase-Xiazhou lathola isikhundla sokuqala phakathi kwawo wonke amatiye asendaweni yezintaba zaseningizimu. Umbhali waseNyakatho Song u-Ouyang Xiu (欧阳修, Ōuyáng Xiū), owayeyinhloko yesifunda sase-Yiling, washiya umugqa odumile: "Isabelo sika-Chu emaphethelweni asentshonalanga entwasahlobo nasekwindla, isifundazwe sokuqala ku-Lu Yu's 'Incwadi Engcwele Yetiye'" (陆羽茶经第一州). Imbongi u-Lu You (陆游, Lù Yóu), enambitha itiye emhumeni i-Sanyoudong (三游洞), yawuncoma umbala walo, iphunga kanye nokunambitheka. Encwadini ethi "Iqoqo Lamakha" (《群芳谱》, Qúnfāng Pǔ) ka-Wang Xiangjin (王象晋), itiye lase-Xiaojiangyuan (小江园) lase-Xiazhou lafakwa phakathi kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu.

Name Breakdown: "Xiazhou" (峡州) — igama lasendulo lesifunda sase-Yichang, elibuyela esikhathini seTang futhi lihlotshaniswa nezihwanqele zoMfula i-Yangtze. "Bifeng" (碧峰) — "iziqongo eziluhlaza" — umfanekiso wenkondlo ovela ezinkondlweni zaseMing, okhomba ezintabeni zase-Xilingxia (西陵峡, Xīlíng Xiá).

Botany and Raw Material

Cultivar: Uhlobo olukhulu lwezitshalo yi-Yichang Daye Zhong (宜昌大叶种, Yíchāng Dàyè Zhǒng), ebhaliswe njenge-Huacha-29 (华茶29号) — enye yezinhlobo ezihle kakhulu zendawo zokuqala ezingama-30 ebhalisweni likazwelonke. Izilimo ezilekelelayo yi-Yihong Zao (宜红早, Yíhóng Zǎo), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Echa-4 (鄂茶4号), kanye ne-Echa-9 (鄂茶9号). Izihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30; amaqabunga ayi-ellipitiki, ubude buyi-14.7 ± 2.4 cm, isisindo sama-buds ayi-100 cishe singama-57 g; okuqukethwe yi-polyphenols ezintweni ezingavuthiwe kufinyelela ku-35.8%. Lolu hlobo lubekezelela izithwathwa eziphakeme futhi lufanele ukutshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kufika ku-1400 m.

Picking: Ukuvuna kwasentwasahlobo (ikhwalithi ephezulu). Kugcinwa ngokuqinile izinga elithi "izinzelelo eziyisishiyagalolunye" (九不采, jiǔ bù cǎi): akuvunwa amanzwane ansomi, amaqabunga alinyazwe izinambuzane, amaqabunga agulayo, nezinye izingxenye ezingenazici.

Pluck Standard: Ibanga elikhethekile (特级) — ibud eyodwa noma ibud eneqabunga elilodwa, ubude benzwane bucishe bube ngu-3 cm; ingxenye yama-buds ≥ 90%; yenziwa ngokuphelele ngesandla. Ibanga lokuqala (一级) — ibud eneqabunga elilodwa esesigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka (一芽一叶初展), okuqukethwe ≥ 80%; kuvunyelwe ukusontwa okuyingxenye ngomshini. Ibanga lesibili (二级) — ngokuyinhloko ibud enamaqabunga amabili; ingamela ukuphuphuma okungaphezu kokuphindwe kahlanu, iqabunga elisezansi lale tiye lilingana futhi linobunjalo obufanayo.

Terroir

Altitude: 200–1000 m; umnyombo wendawo yokukhiqiza ungama-600–900 m (ibhande lamafu).

Climate: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-16.6 °C; imvula yonyaka ingama-1100–1300 mm; izinsuku ezinamafu zingaphezu kwe-180 ngonyaka; umehluko wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku ungaphezu kwe-8 °C. Ukukhanya okusakazekile okuvamile kukhuthaza ukunqwabelana kwama-amino acid (etiyeni lasentwasahlobo okuqukethwe yi-amino acid ≥ 1.64%).

Soil: Inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤, huáng zōng rǎng) ene-pH eyi-4.5–6.5, okuqukethwe izinto eziphilayo ≥ 1.0%, nezinga eliphezulu le-zinc ne-selenium.

Amasimu etiye asendaweni esenyakatho yesiHwanqe sase-Xilingxia (西陵峡, Xīlíng Xiá) soMfula i-Yangtze, endaweni ephansi esezintabeni (半高山茶区, bàn gāoshān cháqū) yesifunda sase-Yiling. I-Yangtze igeleza endaweni yokukhiqiza ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-17.4; indawo igcwele imifula nezifufula ezincane — i-Baisuixi (百岁溪), i-Taipingxi (太平溪) nezinye. Ingxenye yamahlathi ingaphezu kuka-70%, futhi izinga le-ion ezinegethivu emoyeni liphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunalelo lasemadolobheni.

Izindawo eziphakeme i-Taipingxi (太平溪镇), i-Letianxi (乐天溪镇), umuzi wase-Dengcun (邓村乡), indawo ephakeme i-Sandouping (三斗坪镇). Zonke izindawo ezisemnyombeni zisendaweni esenyakatho yesiHwanqe sase-Xilingxia, ebhandeni lamafu ekuphakameni okungama-600–900 m. Umuzi wase-Dengcun, okuthiwa ngokungemthetho "umuzi wetiye wase-Hubei", udlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni — kulapho kugxile khona amasimu amadala anezihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Inhlanganisela yokuba namafu, ukukhanya okuthambile okusakazekile, kanye nenhlabathi eneminerali ene-selenium-zinc, kwenza umumo oyingqayizivele we-terroir ohlukanisa i-Bifeng kwamanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Hubei.

Organoleptic Profile

Dry Leaf Appearance: Iqabunga eliqondile nelincane (条索形, tiáosuǒ xíng), elisontekile ngokuqinile, elihle, elinoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo; umbala — oluhlaza okotshani okhanyayo onokucwebezela okunamafutha (翠绿油润).

Dry Leaf Aroma: Iphunga elihamba phambili le-castanea (栗香, lì xiāng) — igama eliyinhloko; ngemuva kwalo — ubumsulwa bezitshalo obuhlanzekile (清香, qīng xiāng).

Liquor Aroma: Iphunga le-castanea liyavuleka lijule, libe yisiqinile futhi liphakeme; inothi elisha lihlala njengerejista ephezulu.

Liquor Color: Ophuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo futhi okhanyele (黄绿明亮).

Spent Leaves: Umbala oluhlaza okotshani othambile, ulingana, uyaphila futhi ukhethekile (嫩绿匀整鲜活).

Taste: Ubusha obugqamile (鲜爽, xiān shuǎng), okubangelwa ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid; ukunambitheka okumnandi okucacile nokuqhubekayo — huigan (回甘, huígān). Umzimba ulula kodwa unothe.

Chemical Composition

Amino Acids: Etiyeni lasentwasahlobo ≥ 1.64%; isilinganiso se-polyphenols kuma-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn'ān bǐ) siyi-12.1, okubonisa ukulingana okuhle kobusha nomzimba.

≥ 45.8% — ephakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso samatiye aluhlaza, okubonisa ubuningi bokunambitheka okuphezulu.

4.2%.

Essential Oils: Umumo wephunga le-castanea wakhiwa ngesikhathi sokosa ngesigubhu nokomiswa ngamalahle — okuhamba phambili yi-pyrazine nezinhlanganisela ze-furan.

Minerals: Izinga eliphezulu le-zinc (Zn) ne-selenium (Se), okubangelwa ukwakheka komhlaba wendawo.

Polyphenols: ≥ 30% (ezintweni ezingavuthiwe kufinyelela ku-35.8%); iqembu eliyinhloko le-antioxidant yi-catechin (EGCG, EGC, ECG).

Vitamins: I-Vitamin C (ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezintsha), amavithamini eqembu B, i-Vitamin K.

Health Notes

Ukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-polyphenols kuqinisekisa ukuboshwa okusebenzayo kwamaradikhali akhululekile.

Inhlanganisela ye-caffeine ne-L-theanine inikeza amandla anobumnene naqhubekayo ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okukhulu.

Ama-catechin anesandla ekusheshiseni ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha.

Ukunothiswa kwemvelo nge-zinc ne-selenium kunenzuzo esimisweni somzimba sokulwa nezifo kanye nokuvikela i-antioxidant.

Okuqukethwe okulingene kwama-tannin kunomthelela ekusebenzeni okuvamile komgudu wokugaya ukudla ngemva kokudla.

I-L-theanine isekela isimo somqondo esigxilile nesizolile.

Ukuphuza njalo ngokulingana itiye eliluhlaza eline-catechin ephezulu kuhlotshaniswa nokweseka ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi.

Ngokwemininingwane ethile, ama-polyphenols etiye eliluhlaza asiza ekwehliseni umthelela wokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative okubangelwa imisebe kagesi evela ezintweni zasendlini.

Brewing

Thela amanzi onqenqemeni lwesitsha ngomsele obushelelezi — umfudlana ocashile ukhumula uboya futhi wenza itiyephu libe namafu. Itiye elisha linconywa ukuba lihlaliswe ngaphandle kokukhanya cishe izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngemva kokuthengwa ukuze 'liphumule' emlilweni wokucubungula (醒茶, xǐng chá). Ngemva kokuvulwa — ligcinwe efrijini futhi lisetshenziswe phakathi nenyanga.

Tea Amount: Amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml (isilinganiso 1:50).

Teaware: Ingilazi yegilasi (ukubuka ukudansa kwamaqabunga); i-gaiwan yozitsha olucijile.

Water Temperature: 80 °C (akunconywa neze amanzi abilayo — izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-80 °C licekela phansi i-chlorophyll futhi linike ubumuncu).

Comparison

Nayo ivela e-Hubei, kodwa i-steamed (蒸青) ngokwesitayela sase-Japan — inephunga elisemanzini, 'olwandle'. I-Xiazhou Bifeng, eyosiwe esigubhini ngokomiswa ngamalahle, inikeza iphunga le-castanea elijulile.

Umakhelwane wase-Henan onoboya obufanayo, kodwa ukunambitheka okuyindilinga, okwebhontshisi. I-Xiazhou Bifeng ihluke ngobumnandi obugqamile kancane be-huigan kanye nokunambitheka okuthile kwe-mineral okuhlobene ne-terroir evela emhlabathini ozinc-selenium.

Itiye lase-Anhui elinamaqabunga amakhulu eliyisicaba — ngokubonakalayo nangokomzimba liphikisana ngokuphelele neqabunga lase-Bifeng elincane elinoboya. Womabili aziwa ngokukhishwa okuphezulu, kodwa i-Houkui ithambekele emanothini e-orchid, kanti i-Bifeng ithambekele kuma-castanea.

Itiye lase-Sichuan elinokucutshungulwa okuhlanganisiwe okufanayo (ukosa + ukomisa). I-Ganlu igobile ngokwengeziwe, inamanothi ezimbali nobhontshisi; i-Bifeng iqonde ngokwengeziwe, inokugqama kwamanothi ezinhlobonhlobo zamantongomane kanye nokuthambekela kwaminerali okujwayelekile kwe-Xilingxia.

Itiye lase-Jiangxi eliluhlaza lwasezintabeni elivela endaweni enenkungu efanayo. I-Yunwu inikeza umumo othambile, omnene onamazwi ezimbali, kanti i-Bifeng ikhombisa ukungxinwa okukhulu kokunambitheka ngenxa yokukhishwa okuphezulu (≥ 45.8%) kanye nomlingiswa othambile kakhulu we-castanea.

Price and Authenticity

Price Category: Ibanga elikhethekile (特级): 600–800 yuan/jin (umsebenzi wezandla, amanzwane awodwa); ibanga lokuqala (一级): 250–400 yuan/jin; ibanga lesibili (二级) — lithengeka kakhulu, libekwe njengetiye lansuku zonke elinokumelana okuhle ngenkathi liphuzwa.

Price Factors: Ibanga lezinto ezingavuthiwe, isikhathi sokuvuna (entwasahlobo yokuqala — kubiza kakhulu), ingxenye yomsebenzi wezandla, ukuba khona kwesiqinisekiso sokubonisa indawo.